before you start: each chapter consists of two philosophers, so the loophole here is you can prepare for one personality from each unit and lessen your burden but always be prepared for OU-s eff ups

keypoints ₊˚⊹♡

1. reconciling religion with science and faith with religion

2. understanding of the place of reason in human life

3. eternal laws (religious) and natural laws (secular)

4. reason belongs to natural laws and most of how the works or runs are based on natural laws

5. god simply works on the eternal laws which are outside human reason e.g.: he gave of angels visiting humans

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Background and Sainthood:

1. Noble family in Naples, joined Dominican order.

2. Canonized in 1323 for exemplary life and miracles.

Major Works:

1. Summa Theologica, Summa Contra Gentiles.

2. Over ninety works in just over two decades.

Position in Scholasticism:

1. Greatest Christian medieval theologian-philosopher.

2. Revered as "the dumb ox" by peers.

Ideas on Law:

1. Four types: Eternal, Natural, Human, Divine.

2. Natural Law as foundation for moral reasoning.

Ethical Theory:

1. Value-based, grounded in pursuit of human goods.

2. Prudence guides discernment of right and wrong.

Role of Government:

1. Necessary for social order and common good.

2. Government prevents chaos and fosters virtue.

Political Philosophy:

1. Synthesis of Christian doctrine and Aristotelian thought.

2. Reflections on governance and state's role.

Human Mutual Dependence:

1. Rely on reason for survival and cooperation for co-creation.

2. Speech essential for interpersonal projects.

Quotes:

1. "The highest manifestation of life consists in this: that a being governs its own actions."

Legacy:

1. Enduring influence on theology, ethics, and governance.

2. Contributions to medieval scholasticism and Christian philosophy.

Conclusion:

1. Aquinas' profound insights continue to shape philosophical discourse.

2. His integration of faith and reason remains relevant in contemporary thought.

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   Machiavelli:

   1. Machiavelli believed in the separation of politics and religion. He thought that rulers should prioritize stability and power, even if it meant doing morally questionable things.

   2. He saw the church as potentially interfering with the state's ability to govern effectively. Machiavelli thought that rulers should focus on practical matters of state rather than religious concerns.

   Aquinas:

   1. Aquinas believed that there were two separate realms of authority: spiritual (the church) and temporal (secular rulers).

   2. He argued that both the church and the state had their own areas of authority, and they should work together for the common good.

   3. Aquinas believed that rulers should follow moral principles based on natural law, which included respecting the authority of the church and promoting justice and the common good.

In summary, Machiavelli advocated for a more secular approach to governance, prioritizing practicality over moral considerations, while Aquinas emphasized the cooperation between the church and the state, guided by moral principles.